MCU，即微控制器，也称为微控制单元或微控制器。从实现方式上看，MCU 是一种在适当降低 CPU 频率和规格的同时，将存储器、USB、PLC、DMA 和其他接口集成到单个芯片上的产品。

根据位数，MCU可分为4位、8位、16位、32位和64位。其主要应用方向有：

地图绘制 | Yifei.com（同上）

（由于平台压缩等问题，如需查看更清晰的图片，请发送消息“local MCU”获取）

Some of the application introductions on Baidu Encyclopedia are relatively old. Judging from the manufacturer's promotion information, 64-bit MCUs will be used in fields such as high-resolution human-machine interfaces, embedded vision, embedded artificial intelligence, and real-time control.

Due to product updates and demand changes, 4-bit MCUs have gradually withdrawn from the stage of history. Although some manufacturers still use them with the belief that "cheapness is the biggest advantage", they already account for a small proportion. Since 16-bit MCUs live in the gap between 8-bit and 32-bit, their living space is getting smaller and smaller.

继上周关于MCU价格上涨的专题文章之后（MCU shortage seems to be unsolvable, 40 local manufacturers are already in place）

之后，我收到了一些评论，当我们谈论国产MCU的替换时，我们实际上更多地是在谈论经久不衰的8位MCU、流行的32位MCU和未来的明星64位MCU。

它们都是 32 位系统，有什么区别？

Source | Network

According to the data of comprehensive market analysis institutions, since 2010, the market share of 32-bit MCUs has begun to occupy the first place, and in 2015 it reached the combined market share of 4 + 8 + 16 bits. With the improvement of performance and reduction of power consumption, the leading position of 32-bit MCU market has become increasingly obvious, and it is also an area of ​​focus for domestic MCU manufacturers.

In recent years, domestic MCUs have made significant progress, and even 32-bit products have been launched in the automotive pre-installation market, which has high thresholds, long cycles, and strong safety.

2018年底，捷发科技推出AC781X，这是国内首款自主研发并实现量产的车规级32位MCU芯片。2020年上半年，捷发科技再次推出AC7801X系列车规级MCU，该系列芯片功能更加细分，产品功能和成本控制也得到了优化。目前，捷发科技的车规级MCU芯片已被众多汽车电子零部件厂商纳入其供应链体系。

Also making breakthroughs in automotive-grade MCUs is Xinwang Micro. On November 26, 2020, Xinwang's micro-car grade 32-bit MCU KF32A15X won the "5th Lingxuan Award Forward-looking Integrated Circuit Excellence Award". The jury was composed of 22 purchasing leaders from mainstream Chinese automobile companies, including Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen, General Motors, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, FAW, SAIC, Changan, Geely, Great Wall, and Chery. At present, the KF32A15X series MCU has been initially introduced to domestic automobile manufacturers.

So, is there a significant gap between the domestic automotive-grade MCUs that have just started and those from international manufacturers? Let’s look at the pictures and talk:

可以看出，国内厂商在使用Arm Cortex-M0+方面表现尚可，主频和Flash配置也足够。例如，新旺微单自研的KF32内核性能也不错，拥有丰富的I/O和外设接口资源。那么，国内厂商在这方面的差距究竟在哪里呢？从恩智浦（NXP）的官网来看，最大的差距在于信任，即对产品长期稳定性和可靠性的信任。恩智浦声称其长期供货至少可达15年，而大多数国内MCU厂商的成立时间都未达到15年。新旺微单成立于2012年，捷发科技成立于2013年。

与此同时，我们也注意到，国内厂商在车规级MCU方面确实仍处于起步阶段。Arm Cortex-M4内核的应用仍处于研发阶段，各厂商的官方网站上尚未提供相关产品。

在当前国际形势下，车规级MCU是我们必须克服的难题，但同时也蕴藏着巨大的机遇。据统计机构数据显示，2019年全球MCU下游应用（按销售额计算）中，汽车电子领域占比高达33%。MCU在汽车所有半导体器件中的占比也约为30%，平均每辆车使用超过70颗MCU芯片。未来，随着智能化和网络化的发展，这一数字还会更高。如今，随着国内汽车水平的逐步提高，国内MCU厂商迎来了一个乘势而上、腾飞的窗口期。

According to the purpose of MCU, it can generally be divided into commercial grade, industrial grade, automotive grade and military grade. In addition to playing an important role in the automotive field, 32-bit MCUs are also indispensable in the other three fields. According to data from IC Insights, global MCU product shipments reached 36.065 billion units in 2020, and the unit price of MCUs also increased from US$0.72 in 2015 to US$0.78 in 2020. Among them, the automation control required by Industry 4.0 has played a big driving role. Industrial control/medical accounted for 25% of the MCU market in 2019 based on sales statistics.

We also select several domestic MCUs and products from international manufacturers for comparison. This time, let’s take a look at the company’s own introduction:

GigaDevice Innovations 32 位通用 MCU，基于 Arm® Cortex®-M4 内核

新王微工业级通用功夫核心32位MCU

Smart micro part is a 32-bit general-purpose MCU based on Arm? Cortex?-M3 core

Microchip 通用 32 位 MCU

部分产品的推出已经解释了这个问题。国内MCU厂商仍然处于跟随状态。目前基于Arm Cortex内核的产品选择已经非常丰富，而关于Arm Cortex-M23或Arm Cortex-M33的报道却只出现在技嘉科技和新顿科技的新闻中。

Let’s take a comprehensive look at the comparison of several MCUs based on Arm? Cortex?-M3 core:

On NXP's official website, LPC1812JBD144 is one of the highest-performance MCUs based on the Arm® Cortex®-M3 core. It can be seen that although there is a gap in the highest frequency of domestic MCUs, Lingdong Micro's products are very close.

如今，随着物联网的快速发展，功耗和芯片尺寸也成为选择MCU的重要考量因素，而这与工艺密切相关。我们先来谈谈功耗。对于不同的应用，MCU的工作条件差异很大。电流消耗、状态保持、唤醒时间和唤醒源等因素都会影响功耗。外围设备的可用性也会影响功耗。因此，在这方面，大家的意见不一。但有一点我们必须正视。在ST提供的超低功耗MCU产品阵营中，使用了多种内核，例如Arm® Cortex®-M0、Arm® Cortex®-M0+、Arm® Cortex®-M3、Arm® Cortex®-M0和Arm® Cortex®-M0+，这无疑是一个差距。

Let’s look at the chip size. This is actually related to the start of domestic MCUs. We will find that the chip size is very close to the products of international manufacturers. Of course, this is a development strategy.

Let’s look at a few more based on Arm? Cortex?-M4 core:

In terms of main frequency alone, Huada Semiconductor's products have indeed competed for domestic MCUs.

在非汽车领域，计算机领域占营销收入的23%（2019年），消费电子领域占11%（2019年），这与工业控制/医疗领域的情况类似。在通用MCU领域，总会有一些国产MCU能够与国际厂商的MCU在Arm® Cortex®-M0/M0/M3/M4/M23/M33等内核上展开竞争，并在某些领域取得了一定的成绩。

目标。

目前，国内有数十家MCU厂商，其产品核心高度同质化。虽然各公司侧重点技术发展方向不同，但在采购和选型时，细微差别很容易被忽略。另一方面，考察国际厂商的产品时，全面性至关重要，包括核心、产品和应用领域。例如，它们都基于Arm® Cortex®-M4内核，但NXP LPC54000系列可选配Cortex®-M0+协处理器，这无疑丰富了产品的应用场景。

如上文反复提及，就高性能MCU的布局而言，国内MCU尚未起步，市场完全掌握在国际厂商手中。

After looking at the product, the next step is software and ecology.

在软件层面，简单浏览一下华大半导体和恩智浦的网站后，你会发现，在开发工具方面，恩智浦提到的相应工具在华大半导体网站上也能找到。如果要说有什么不足之处，那可能是因为华大半导体网站上对开发板的介绍不够清晰，而且开发板的种类也不如恩智浦丰富。

生态系统分为两个层面。一是设计到生产测试的环节是否完整。尽管制造工艺可能存在滞后，但国产MCU在这一环节上是相互连接的。二是外部生态系统。合作伙伴数量、网络资源丰富度、行业声誉和流量支持显然是国产MCU的不足之处。

Therefore, in summary, the points that domestic MCUs currently need to accumulate and improve mainly include the following aspects. The first is the long-term reputation accumulation of product stability; the second is continued research on high-performance products; the third is the continuous improvement of ecological construction. Considering the law of semiconductor development, there is a fourth point of optimization for domestic MCUs, which is integration, pooling resources, complementing shortcomings, and using limited resources where they are needed more.

8-bit is a good business opportunity, RISC-V is a breakthrough point

物联网的持续发展丰富了MCU的应用场景，不仅包括目前主流的32位MCU，也包括8位MCU。尤其是在消费电子领域，8位MCU仍然占据着自己的主导地位。

根据中国信息系统安全局（CISA）发布的信息，2019年8位MCU和32位MCU芯片分别占中国市场的40%和45%。或许Microchip的理念能够为大家指明8位MCU创新的方向。他们认为8位MCU的创新空间非常巨大。新一代8位MCU正朝着智能仿真和创新外设的方向发展。另一个值得关注的市场是照明领域。

With the development of science and technology and the advancement of production technology, it is foreseeable that the market share of 32-bit MCUs will expand and squeeze the market share of other MCU products. However, with the advantages of low cost and low power consumption, 8-bit MCUs will be a stable cash cow for a long time.

在国产8位MCU领域，中微半导体已经坚持了十多年。如下图所示，中微半导体目前拥有丰富的8位MCU产品线。

新通科技多年来一直深耕8051单片机领域，其产品可应用于各种工业和消费产品。此外，还有许多厂商，例如晶海科技、盛思微电子、新旺微电子和东软开利微电子等，都提供8位MCU产品，为国内替代产品提供了丰富的选择。

目标。

Domestic 8-bit MCUs and 32-bit MCUs have been criticized for serious homogeneity. In today's increasingly rich terminal market, differentiated competition or five-finger success is more beneficial to the development of the entire industry and can better leverage the value of this stable market.

In summary, in the traditional MCU field, domestic MCUs have achieved certain results and can achieve product substitution in some fields, but the gap still exists, and they will still play a follower role in this aspect for a long time to come. But when it comes to building MCUs based on RISC-V cores, domestic manufacturers have a greater say.

尽管RISC-V指令集并非首个开源指令集，但它适用于现代计算设备，因此意义重大。中国工程院院士倪光南曾评价RISC-V：“RISC-V基于宽松的BSD标准许可。它可以自由用于设计CPU，开发和添加自己的扩展指令集，并且可以选择公开发布、商业销售或替代其他许可协议，或者完全闭源使用。”

Currently, domestic manufacturers are leading the way in building MCUs based on RISC-V cores. On August 22, 2019, GigaDevice officially launched the world's first GD32V series 32-bit general-purpose MCU products based on the RISC-V core, and provided complete tool chain support from chips to program code libraries, development kits, and design solutions, and continued to build a RISC-V development ecosystem.

Recently, Hangshun also announced that it will soon mass-produce China's first ARM+RISC-V multi-core heterogeneous AIoT MCU, in which the Arm Cortex-M3 large core is responsible for main computing; the Xinlai N203 RISC-V small core is responsible for simple communication and control. This is also an innovation in product form.

中国拥有更活跃、更广泛的 RISC-V 开发者生态系统，可以帮助解决国产 MCU 和其他国产芯片在核心 IP 和指令集架构方面的弱点，从而在这个新领域超越中国。

写在最后

Set up a good stage and sing a good show

根据IHS统计，过去五年中国MCU市场的年均复合增长率（CAGR）为7.2%，是同期全球MCU市场增速的四倍。在疫情和中美贸易摩擦的背景下，国内替代已不再是口号，而是不断发生的现实。对于用户而言，MCU可以根据需求进行选择，只要性能合适，就存在着很多机会。

Undoubtedly, domestic MCU has a good growth soil, but in this window period, the development of domestic MCU needs to think clearly and think long-term. In special times, everyone can make quick money, but when such an excellent window period has passed, it is impossible for domestic MCUs to be scattered all over the world. Internal friction and involution are not a good industry form.

A good play requires a good stage, and even more so, people who can sing the play well.

- 结尾 -

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