MCU是Microcontroller Unit（微控制器單元）的縮寫。它在中文被稱為微控制器，俗稱單晶片。其目的是適當降低CPU的頻率和規格，並將記憶體、計數器、USB、A/D轉換器、UART、PLC、DMA甚至LCD驅動電路等外圍介面整合到單一晶片上，形成晶片級計算機，從而針對不同的應用執行不同的控制組合，例如手機、PC週邊、遙控器、汽車電子、工業步進馬達和機械臂控制等。 MCU的應用範圍非常廣泛。


       

1

微控制器發展簡史          
 

微控制器的歷史雖然不長，但發展速度卻非常快速。它的生產和發展通常與微處理器（CPU）的生產和發展同步進行。自美國英特爾公司於1971年首次推出4位元微處理器以來，其發展歷程大致可分為五個階段。以下是英特爾公司微控制器發展歷程的介紹。

  1971~1976微控制器發展的初期階段。 1971年11月，英特爾首次設計了Intel 4004，這是一款4位元微處理器，每個晶片整合了2,000個晶體管，並配備了RAM、ROM和移位暫存器，構成了第一款MCS-4微處理器。隨後，英特爾推出了8位元微處理器Intel 8008，其他公司也相繼推出了8位元微處理器。  
  1976~1980Low-performance microcontroller stage. Represented by the MCS-48 series launched by Intel in 1976, it uses a monolithic structure that integrates an 8-bit CPU, 8-bit parallel I/O interface, 8-bit timer/counter, RAM and ROM on a semiconductor chip. Although its addressing range is limited (no more than 4 KB), there is no serial I/O, RAM and ROM capacity is small, and the interrupt system is relatively simple, but its functions can meet the needs of general industrial control and intelligent instruments and meters.  
  1980~1983高效能微控制器階段。此階段推出的高效能8位元微控制器通常具有串列埠、多層中斷處理系統和多個16位元定時器/計數器。片上RAM和ROM的容量增加，尋址範圍可達64KB。部分晶片還附有A/D轉換介面。  
  1983年~1980年代末16位元微控制器階段。 1983年，英特爾推出了高效能16位元微控制器MCS-96系列。由於採用了當時最先進的製造工藝，該晶片的整合度高達120,000萬個電晶體/晶片。  
  1990s微控制器在整合度、功能性、速度、可靠性和應用領域等各個方面都在不斷發展，邁向更高的水準。

2

單晶片的分類與應用

MCU可以分為以下幾類：No on-chip ROM type以及 With on-chip ROM typeTwo kinds. For chips without on-chip ROM, an external EPROM must be connected before they can be used (typically 8031); chips with on-chip ROM are divided into on-chip EPROM type (typical chip is 87C51), MASK on-chip mask ROM type (typical chip is 8051), on-chip Flash type (typical chip is 89C51) and other types.  
可分為普遍以及 特種;According to the width of the data bus and the length of data bytes that can be processed at one time, it can be divided into8, 16, 32-bit MCU。  
目前，國內最廣泛的MCU應用市場是消費類電子產品field, followed byIndustrial field, and automotive electronics market消費性電子產品包括家用電器、電視機、遊戲機、影音系統等。工業領域包括智慧家庭、自動化、醫療應用以及新能源生產和輸送。汽車領域包括汽車動力總成和安全控制系統。

       

3

微控制器的基本功能

   

對於大多數微控制器（MCU）而言，以下功能是最常用和最基本的。不同MCU對這些功能的描述方式可能有所不同，但本質上是相同的：

  1. TImer (timer):Although there are many types of TImers, they can be summarized into two major categories:其中一種類型是具有固定時間間隔的定時器，That is to say, the timing time is set by the system and cannot be controlled by the user program. The system only provides several fixed time intervals for the user program to choose, such as 32Hz, 16Hz, 8Hz, etc. This type of TImer is common in 4-bit MCUs, so it can be used to implement clock, timing and other related functions.  
  The other type is Programmable Timer (programmable timer).As the name suggests, the timing time of this type of Timer can be controlled by the user's program. The control methods include: selection of clock source, selection of frequency division (Prescale) and setting of preset number. Some MCUs have all three at the same time, while others may have one or two of them. This type of Timer application is very flexible, and its actual use is also ever-changing. One of the most common applications is to use it to implement PWM output.  
由於時鐘來源可以自由選擇，因此這種類型的計時器通常與事件計數器結合使用。  
  2. IO port:Any MCU has a certain number of IO ports. Without IO ports, the MCU loses its communication channels with the outside world. According to the configurability of the IO port, it can be divided into the following types:
  Pure input or pure output port:這種類型的I/O埠由MCU硬體設計決定，只能用於輸入或輸出。軟體無法用於即時設定。  
  Directly read and write IO port:例如，MCS-51的IO連接埠就屬於這種類型的IO連接埠。當執行讀取IO埠指令時，它是一個輸入埠；當執行寫入IO埠指令時，它會自動變成輸出埠。  
  Programming to set the input and output direction:The input or output of this type of IO port is set by the program according to actual needs. The application is relatively flexible and can realize some bus-level applications, such as I2C bus, various LCD, LED Driver control buses, etc.  
For the use of IO ports, an important point that must be kept in mind is: for the input port, there must be a clear level signal to ensure that it cannot float (this can be achieved by adding a pull-up or pull-down resistor); and for the output port, the output status level must consider its external connection conditions, and it should be ensured that there is no pulling or sinking current in the standby or static state.  
  3. External interrupt:External interrupts are also the basic functions of most MCUs. They are generally used for real-time triggering of signals, data sampling and status detection. The interrupt methods include rising edge triggering, falling edge triggering and level triggering. External interrupts are generally implemented through input ports. If it is an IO port, its interrupt function will be turned on only when it is set to input; if it is an output port, the external interrupt function will be automatically turned off (there are some exceptions in ATMEL's ATiny series, which can also trigger the interrupt function when it is an output port). The applications of external interrupts are as follows:
  Detection of external trigger signals:一個是基於即時性要求，例如晶閘管控制、突發訊號檢測等；另一個則是為了節省電力。  
  Measurement of signal frequency:In order to ensure that signals are not missed, external interrupts are the ideal choice.  
  數據解碼：在遙控應用領域，為了降低設計成本，通常需要使用軟體來解碼各種編碼數據，例如曼徹斯特編碼和PWM編碼的解碼。  
  Key detection and system wake-up:For an MCU that enters the sleep state, it generally needs to be awakened through an external interrupt. The most basic form is a button, and the level changes are caused by the action of the button.  
  4. Communication interface:The communication interfaces provided by MCU generally include SPI interface, UART, I2C interface, etc., which are described as follows:
  SPI interface:This type of interface is the most basic communication method provided by most MCUs. Its data transmission is controlled by a synchronous clock. The signals include: SDI (serial data input), SDO (serial data output), SCLK (serial clock) and Ready signal; in some cases, there may be no Ready signal; this type of interface can work in master mode or Slave mode. The popular saying is that it depends on who provides the clock signal. The party providing the clock is the master, and the opposite party is the Slaver.  
  UART（通用非同步接收發送）：它是最基本的非同步傳輸接口，只有兩條訊號線：接收線（Rx）和發送線（Tx）。基本資料格式為：起始位元 + 資料位元（7 位元/8 位元） + 奇偶校驗位元（偶校驗、奇校驗或無校驗） + 停止位元（1~2 位元）。傳輸一位資料所花費的時間稱為波特率。  
For most MCUs, the length of data bits, data check mode (odd check, even check or no check), stop bit (Stop Bit) length and Baud Rate can be flexibly set through program programming. The most commonly used method of this type of interface is to communicate with the serial port of a PC.  
  I2C interface:I2C is a data transmission protocol developed by Philips. It is also implemented using 2 signals: SDAT (serial data input and output) and SCLK (serial clock). Its biggest benefit is that multiple devices can be attached to this bus and identified and accessed through addresses; one of the biggest benefits of the I2C bus is that it is very convenient to use software to implement it through the IO port. Its transmission data rate is completely controlled by SCLK, which can be fast or slow, unlike the UART interface, which has strict rate requirements.  
  5. 看門狗（看門狗定時器）：Watchdog is also a basic configuration of most MCUs (some 4-bit MCUs may not have this function). The Watchdog of most MCUs can only allow the program to reset it but not turn it off (some are set when the program is burned in, such as Microchip PIC series MCUs), while some MCUs use a specific method to decide whether to turn it on, such as Samsung's KS57 series. As long as the program accesses the Watchdog register, it is automatically turned on and cannot be turned off again. Generally speaking, the reset time of watchdog can be set programmably. The most basic application of Watchdog is to provide a self-recovery capability for MCUs that crash due to unexpected failures.

4

全球主流微控制器製造商

The following is a list of microcontrollers from mainstream manufacturers (there may be some omissions), in no particular order.

歐美

  1. Freescale+NXP (Freescale+NXP):The Netherlands mainly provides 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs. Applications: Automotive electronics, LED and general lighting, healthcare, multimedia convergence, home appliances and power tools, building automation technology motor control, power supplies and power converters, energy and smart grids, automation, computer and communication infrastructure.  
  2. Microchip+Atmel (Microchip Technology + Atmel):The United States mainly provides 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs. Applications: automotive electronics, industrial use, motor control, automobiles, building automation, home appliances, home entertainment, industrial automation, lighting, Internet of Things, smart energy, mobile electronic equipment, computer peripherals.  
  3. Cypress+Spansion (Cypress+Spansion):The United States mainly provides 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit MCUs. Applications: automotive electronics, home appliances, medical, consumer electronics, communications and telecommunications, industry, wireless.  
  4. ADI（Analog Devices）：美國主要提供 8 位元、16 位元和 32 位元微控制器。應用領域：航空航太與國防、汽車應用、建築技術、通訊、消費性電子、能源、醫療保健、儀器與測量、馬達、工業自動化、安防。  
  5. Infineon:德國主要提供 16 位元和 32 位元 MCU。應用領域：汽車電子、消費性電子、工程、商用和農業車輛、資料處理、電動交通、工業應用、醫療設備、行動裝置、馬達控制和驅動、電源、摩托車、電動自行車和小型電動車、智慧電網、照明、太陽能係統解決方案、風能係統解決方案。  
  6. ST Microelectronics:義大利/法國主要提供 32 位元 MCU。應用領域：LED 和通用照明、交通運輸、醫療保健、多媒體整合、家用電器和電動工具、樓宇自動化技術馬達控制、電源和電源轉換器、能源和智慧電網、自動化、電腦和通訊基礎設施。  
  7. Qualcomm:美國主要提供16位元和32位元微控制器。應用領域：智慧型手機、平板電腦、無線數據機。  
  8. 德州儀器：The United States mainly provides 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs. Application scope: automotive electronics, consumer electronics, medical equipment, mobile devices, communications.  
  9. Maxim:美國主要提供32位MCU。應用範圍：汽車電子、消費性電子、工業應用、安防。  
  日本和韓國  
  1. Renesas:Japan mainly provides 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs. Application scope: computers and peripherals, consumer electronics, health and medical electronics, automotive electronics, industry, and communications.  
  2.東芝：日本主要提供16位和32位MCU。應用範圍：汽車電子、工業應用、馬達控制、無線通訊、行動電話、電腦及週邊設備、影像及音訊視訊、消費性電子（家用電器）、LED照明、安防、電源管理、娛樂設備。  
  3、富士通：Japan mainly provides 32-bit MCUs. Application scope: automobile, medical, machinery, home appliances.  
  4. 三星電子：South Korea mainly provides 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs. Applications: automotive electronics, industrial use, motor control, automobiles, building automation, home appliances, home entertainment, industrial automation, lighting, Internet of Things, smart energy, mobile electronic equipment, computer peripherals.  
  中國地區  
  ▍Mainland China
 
  1. Sigma Microelectronics:Mainly provides 32-bit MCU, application scope: telecommunications, manufacturing, energy, transportation, electric power, etc.  
  2. Zhuhai Orbit:Mainly providing 32-bit MCU, application scope: aerospace: satellite station ships, aircraft; high-end industrial control: embedded computers; ship control, industrial control, power equipment, environmental monitoring.  
  3. GigaDevice Innovation:主要提供 32 位元 MCU，應用範圍：工業自動化、人機介面、馬達控制、安全監控、智慧家庭、物聯網。  
  4. Shengsi Microelectronics:主要提供 8 位元和 32 位元 MCU，應用範圍：小型家用電器、消費性電子產品、遙控器、滑鼠、鋰電池、數位產品、汽車電子、醫療儀器和測量、玩具、工業控制、智慧家庭和安防等領域。  
  5. Chipsea Technology:Mainly providing 16- and 32-bit MCUs, application scope: instrumentation, Internet of Things, consumer electronics, home appliances, automotive electronics.  
  6. Lianhua Integrated Circuit:Mainly providing 8-bit and 16-bit MCUs, application scope: consumer electronics, white goods, industrial control, communication equipment, automotive electronics, computers.  
  7. Zhuhai Jianrong:Mainly provides 8-bit MCU, application scope: household appliances, mobile power supply.  
  8. Juxin Technology:主要提供 8 位元至 32 位元 MCU，應用範圍：平板電腦、智慧家庭、多媒體、藍牙、Wi-Fi 音訊。  
  9. 艾斯柯微電子：Mainly providing 8-bit and 16-bit MCUs, application scope: consumer chips, communication chips, information chips, home appliances.  
  10. Huaxin Microelectronics:Mainly providing 8-bit and 4-bit MCUs, application scope: satellite receivers, mobile phone chargers, perpetual calendars, all-in-one remote controls.  
  11. Shanghai Belling (Huada Semiconductor Holdings):Mainly providing 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit MCUs, application scope: computer peripherals, HDTV, power management, small appliances, digital appliances.  
  12. Haier integrated circuit:主要提供14位、15位和16位MCU。應用範圍：消費性電子、汽車電子、工業和智慧儀器。  
  13.北京君正：主要提供 32 位元 MCU，應用範圍：穿戴式裝置、物聯網、智慧家居設備、汽車、消費性電子產品、平板電腦。  
  14. 中國微半導體：Mainly providing 8-bit MCU, application scope: smart home appliances, automotive electronics, security monitoring, LED lighting and landscape, smart toys, smart homes, consumer electronics.  
  15. 中國龍信積體電路：Mainly provides 32-bit MCU, application scope: power monitoring, smart grid, industrial digital control, Internet of Things, smart home, data monitoring.  
  16. Ziguang Microelectronics:Mainly provides 8-bit and 16-bit MCUs, application scope: smart home appliances.  
  17. Times Minxin:Mainly provides 32-bit MCU, application scope: car navigation, traffic monitoring, fishing vessel supervision, power telecommunications network.  
  18. China Resources Silicon Microelectronics (a subsidiary of China Resources Microelectronics):主要提供 8 位元和 16 位元 MCU，應用範圍：消費性電子、工業控制、家用電器。  
  19. Guoxin Technology:主要提供32位MCU，應用範圍：資訊安全領域、辦公室自動化領域、通訊網路領域、資訊安全領域。  
  20. Zhongtian Micro:Mainly providing 32-bit MCU, application range: smart phones, digital TVs, set-top boxes, automotive electronics, GPS, e-readers, printers.  
  21. China Resources Microelectronics:Mainly provides 8-bit and 16-bit MCUs, application scope: general control circuits for home appliances, consumer electronics, and industrial automation control.  
  22. Zhongying Electronics:Mainly provide 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit MCUs, application scope: home appliances, motors.  
  23. 智慧微電子：Mainly providing 32-bit, application range: motor control, Bluetooth control, high-definition display, wireless charging, drones, micro printers, smart labels, electronic cigarettes, LED dot matrix screens, etc.  
  24. Nuvoton Technology:主要提供 32 位元 MCU，應用範圍：照明、物聯網等。  
  25. Neusoft Carrier:Mainly providing 8-bit and 32-bit MCUs, application scope: home appliances, smart homes, instrumentation, LCD panel controllers, industrial control, etc.  
  26. Betley:主要提供32位MCU，應用範圍：智慧家庭、工業控制及消費性產品。  
  27、聖泉科技：Mainly provides 8-bit MCU, application range: small and medium-sized display panels for automotive, education, industrial control, medical, etc.  
  28. Hangshun chip:Mainly provides 8-bit and 32-bit MCUs, application scope: automotive, Internet of Things, etc.  
  29. Fudan Microelectronics:Mainly provides 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs, application scope: smart meters, smart door locks, etc.  
  30. Huada Semiconductor:公司主要提供 8 位元、16 位元和 32 位元 MCU，應用範圍包括：工業控制、智慧製造、智慧生活和物聯網。  
  ▍中國台灣  
  1. Hongjing Technology:Mainly provide 8-bit MCU. Application scope: communications, industrial control, information appliances, and voice.  
  2. Holtek Semiconductor:Mainly provide 8-bit and 32-bit MCU. Application scope: consumer electronics, LED lighting, etc.  
  3. Lingyang Technology:主要提供8位和16位MCU。應用範圍：家庭影音系統。  
  4. Zhongying Electronics:Mainly provides 4-bit and 8-bit MCUs. Application scope: chargers, mobile power supplies, home appliances, industrial control.  
  5. Songhan Technology:Mainly provide 8-bit and 32-bit MCU. Application scope: remote controls, smart chargers, large and small systems, electronic scales, ear thermometers, blood pressure monitors, tire pressure gauges, various measurement and health equipment.  
  6. Winbond Electronics:主要提供8位和16位MCU。應用範圍：汽車電子、工業電子、網路、電腦、消費性電子、物聯網。  
  7. Ten Speed ​​Technology:Mainly provide 4-bit, 8-bit, and 51-bit MCUs. Application scope: remote controls, small household appliances.  
  8. Youhua Microelectronics:主要提供4位和8位MCU。應用範圍：記錄積體電路產品、消費性電子產品、家用產品。  
  9. Yingguang Technology MCU:Mainly provides 4-bit and 8-bit MCUs. Application scope: machinery, automation, home appliances, robots.  
  10. Elan Electronics:Mainly provides 8-bit and 16-bit MCUs. Application scope: consumer electronics, computers, smartphones.

       

5

學習微控制器的技巧

所有微控制器的基本原理和功能都類似。The only difference is the configuration and quantity of its peripheral function modules, command system, etc.。  
至於命令系統，雖然其形式看起來非常不同，But in fact it’s just a difference in symbols,它們所代表的意義、要完成的功能以及尋址方法基本上相似。  
To understand an MCU, you first need to know itsROM空間、RAM空間、IO連接埠數量、定時器數量和定時方法、提供的外圍功能模組（外圍電路）、中斷源、工作電壓和功耗等。  
在了解了這些 MCU 特性之後，下一步是將所選 MCU 的功能與實際專案開發所需的功能進行比較，並明確指出目前需要哪些資源以及本專案未使用哪些資源。  
For functions that need to be used in the project but are not provided by the selected MCU, you need to carefully understand the relevant information of the MCU in order to use indirect methods to implement them. For example, if the project you are developing needs to communicate with the PC COM port, and the selected MCU does not provide a UART port, you can consider using external interrupts to implement it.  
專案開發所需的資源需要仔細閱讀手冊*，而對於不必要的模組可以忽略或略讀。學習單晶片，應用才是關鍵和主要目的。  
在明確了MCU的相關功能之後，就可以開始程式設計了。  
對於初次使用這款MCU的初學者或設計人員來說，他們可能會遇到許多關於MCU功能描述不夠清晰的問題。針對這類問題，有兩種解決方法。一種是編寫專門的驗證程序來理解資料中描述的功能；另一種是暫時忽略這些描述，根據自己目前的理解編寫MCU程序，並在調試過程中進行修改和完善。前一種方法適用於時間較為充裕的專案和初學者，而後者則適用於具有一定微控制器開發經驗或專案時間緊迫的情況。  
 

不必花太多時間去理解指令系統。指令系統只是邏輯描述的符號。在程式設計過程中，你只需根據自己的邏輯和程式的邏輯需求來查看相關的指令。隨著程式設計經驗的積累，你會越來越熟練地掌握指令系統，甚至可以做到無意識地記住它。

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