近期，關於8吋晶圓代工產能滿載運轉、產能緊張、價格上漲的新聞層出不窮。業內人士預測，部分晶圓代工訂單的交貨時間已延至2021年第二季。這種產能緊張的局面可能在半年內難以緩解。

不僅如此，由於8吋晶圓代工廠產能緊張、價格上漲，導致IC設計廠商成本上升，面板驅動器、觸控組件等元件的價格也隨之上漲。其中，面板驅動器IC廠商諾瓦泰克(Novatek)已將價格上調了10%-15%。其他IC設計廠商也很有可能跟進漲價。

8吋晶圓產能緊張，價格卻還在上漲。為什麼？   

1. 5G, automobiles, Internet of Things, etc. have driven a substantial increase in demand

2018年和2019年，8吋晶圓產能短缺的問題其​​實已經出現，這主要是由於手機多相機和指紋辨識等技術的應用帶動了CMOS影像感測器、指紋辨識晶片等裝置需求的成長。到2020年，5G手機、汽車和物聯網的普及率將迅速提高，這將大幅增加對電源、電源管理和電源裝置的需求。此外，疫情也將推動居家辦公和線上教育的需求成長，進而帶動筆記型電腦、平板電腦等電子產品的需求，進而帶動對驅動IC晶片、分立元件和其他半導體元件的需求。

相關IC設計產業人士表示，過去客戶通常按需下單，因為他們不想承受高庫存壓力。然而，2020年，受疫情和國際貿易摩擦等不確定因素的影響，部分客戶考慮到晶圓代工廠產能緊張，開始提前下長期訂單以確保穩定供應，尤其是8英寸晶圓的產能，可見度已達2021年3月和4月。

According to SEMI data, between 2019 and 2022, the production capacity of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and sensor component-related wafer fabs is expected to increase by 25%, and power component and wafer foundry production capacity is expected to increase by 23% and 18% respectively. The overall 8-inch industry performance continues to be strong.

2. 12-inch wafers are the mainstream, and 8-inch wafer production capacity is limited.

Before 2008, 8-inch (200mm) wafer fabs were still the mainstream, but with the increase in the number of new 12-inch (300mm) wafers built every year, they have become the current mainstream. According to IC Insights, the number of 12-inch wafer fabs worldwide will grow to 123 in 2021, and the total number of 12-inch wafer fabs worldwide will reach 138 by 2023.

來源：公開訊息

Compared with 12-inch wafers, the number of 8-inch wafer fabs has been declining, and equipment manufacturers are now focusing on the equipment of 12-inch wafer fabs. The equipment of 8-inch wafer fabs is limited, and second-hand equipment is expensive and has low circulation, resulting in limited growth in new production capacity of 8-inch wafers.

根據相關統計，2008年至2016年間，至少有30多家8吋晶圓廠關閉，另有10多家晶圓廠由8吋改造為12吋。 2015年至2017年，全球8吋晶圓廠產能成長率僅7%左右。到2019年，全球8吋晶圓廠總數已不足200家。

此外，2010 年至 2016 年間，超過 20 家 6 吋晶圓廠關閉，分立元件、功率元件、MEMS 和類比晶片等產品的需求轉向 8 吋晶圓，這進一步增加了 8 吋晶圓產能的壓力。

晶圓代工市場：主流企業的工廠分佈如何？它們對產能緊張和價格上漲持何種態度？  

The wafer foundry market has maintained a continuous growth trend. According to IC Insights data, global semiconductor wafer foundry will have a compound annual growth rate of nearly 10% from 2019 to 2024, which is significantly higher than the 6% compound growth rate from 2014 to 2019.

In terms of market structure, there are mainly TSMC, Samsung, GlobalFoundries, UMC, SMIC and other businesses. Among them, TSMC dominates with a share of more than 50%. At the same time, wafer foundry companies in mainland China have also sprung up, mainly focusing on wafer production capacity below 8 inches.

面對 8 吋晶圓產能緊張、價格上漲等市場狀況，下文總結了主流晶圓代工廠的產能分佈和規劃，以及它們對市場價格上漲的態度。

目前8吋晶圓代工價格尚未上漲。

作為晶圓代工領域的領導者，台積電的晶圓廠主要為12吋和8吋晶圓廠，此外還有一座6吋晶圓廠。由於蘋果、AMD、英偉達、高通和聯發科等客戶對7nm和5nm先進製程的強勁需求，台積電的產能在本輪短缺浪潮中已趨於緊張，沒有剩餘產能可以承接新客戶。

針對市場上8吋晶圓產能緊張的問題，台積電CEO魏哲佳曾在第三季業績發表會上表示，由於與客戶保持著密切的合作關係，公司並未提高8吋晶圓代工價格。 

資料來源：ChinaFlashMarket 整理

正在考慮擴大8吋晶圓廠的生產規模

Samsung's wafer foundry is mainly 12-inch, with only one 8-inch wafer foundry. There are a total of 6 production lines in production, 5 of which are located in South Korea (2 in Jiheung, South Korea, 3 in Hwaseong, South Korea), and one is located in the Austin factory in the United States. Samsung's Hwaseong V1 production line has a total cumulative investment of US$6 billion and has been mass-produced in 2020. It is a 7nm and 5nm chip based on EUV lithography technology and was delivered in the first quarter.

三星華城V1是三星首條EUV半導體生產線。為了進一步擴大EUV生產線規模並提升7nm以下製程技術，三星於2020年5月在平澤啟動了一條新生產線的建設。此生產線將專注於基於EUV技術的5nm及以下製程。預計2021年下半年全面投產。

面對 8 吋晶圓產能短缺和晶圓代工成本上漲，有報告指出三星正在考慮投資其 8 吋晶圓廠的自動化，以提高生產效率並滿足市場需求。

資料來源：ChinaFlashMarket 整理

計畫新建一座8吋晶圓廠以滿足未來需求

GlobalFoundries' wafer foundries are mainly located in Germany, Singapore and the United States, with 8-inch and 12-inch wafer fabs accounting for half each. Among them, 8-inch wafers are mainly concentrated in Singapore, and 12-inch wafers are mainly located in the United States and Germany.

2019年，GlobalFoundries以236億美元的價格將位於新加坡的Fab 3E 8吋晶圓廠出售給了World Advanced。同年，該公司又以430億美元的價格將位於紐約州的Fab 10 12吋晶圓廠出售給了安森美半導體。 2020年新建的成都工廠也已關閉，但GlobalFoundries隨後宣布將在紐約州馬耳他鎮購買一塊土地，用於建造一座先進的8吋晶圓廠，以滿足未來的成長需求。

Source: GlobalFoundries official website

資料來源：ChinaFlashMarket 整理

部分8吋晶圓客戶的價格有上漲。

聯電共有12座晶圓廠，包括4座12吋晶圓廠、7座8吋晶圓廠和1座6吋晶圓廠。這些晶圓廠主要集中在新加坡、日本、中國大陸和台灣地區，月產能超過750,000萬片晶圓（約8吋晶圓）。

2020年，受惠於大尺寸面板驅動IC和5G手機電源管理晶片的需求，以及客戶持續增加安全庫存，聯電第二季度整體產能利用率提升至98%，8吋晶圓出貨量達2.22萬片。由於2020年下半年8吋晶圓產能持續緊張，聯電已調高部分8吋晶圓客戶的價格，並考慮在2021年第一季再次漲價。

來源：UMC官方網站

8吋晶圓產能確實緊張，年內產能將會提升。

針對8吋晶圓目前的市場形勢，中芯國際表示：「產能確實緊張。」 得益於強勁的訂單，中芯國際上調了第三季度財務預期，預計營收將在9.3億美元至9.5億美元之間，較第二季度的938億美元進一步增長。

SMIC expects to increase production capacity by 30,000 wafers per month at its three 8-inch wafer production bases in Tianjin, Shanghai and Shenzhen this year. In terms of 12-inch wafers, SMIC expects to increase its monthly production capacity by 20,000 wafers.

In addition, SMIC is signing a cooperation framework agreement with the Beijing Development Zone Management Committee to establish a joint venture focusing on 28nm and above wafer foundry projects. In the first phase, it is planned to build a wafer production capacity of 100,000 pieces/month (calculated on 12-inch wafers), which will add momentum to subsequent performance growth.

資料來源：中芯國際財務報告

中國市場對8吋晶片的訂單應接不暇。

SK海力士最初專注於韓國清州M8生產線的晶圓代工業務。 2017年，該公司正式將晶圓代工業務拆分為名為SK海力士系統IC公司的獨立業務實體。該公司主要專注於晶圓代工業務，並以8吋晶圓的生產為主流。

In recent years, the Chinese market has been overwhelmed by the influx of 8-inch wafer orders. In 2018, SK Hynix System IC Company and Wuxi Industrial Group established a US$350 million joint venture subsidiary, with investment proportions of 50.1% and 49.9% respectively, and built an 8-inch wafer foundry. After the project is put into production, it can achieve a monthly production of 115,000 8-inch wafers, and was successfully tape-out in March 2020.

2021年供應仍將超過需求，我們確實正在考慮漲價。

1999年，在台積電的協助下，世界先進技術有限公司成功引進邏輯產品代工技術，成為台積電的代工夥伴。 2020年，世界先進技術有限公司宣布從DRAM工廠轉型為晶圓代工企業。 2004年7月，世界先進技術有限公司正式停止DRAM的生產製造，成功轉型為100%的晶圓代工企業。

Source: World Advanced Financial Report

目前全球共有四座8吋晶圓廠，包括2019年收購的GlobalFoundries新加坡Fab 3E 8吋晶圓廠，分別位於台灣和新加坡。 World Advanced 2019年的年產能約為2.5萬片8吋晶圓，出貨量達2.12萬片，產能利用率為85%。預計2020年產能將達到約2.6萬片8吋晶圓。

World Advanced認為，由於市場需求強勁，8吋晶圓代工產能緊張，預計2021年全年都將持續供不應求。該公司正在與客戶探討與8吋晶圓代工價格上漲相關的問題。

The customer placed an order with a higher price and decided to start the 12-inch factory construction plan

Powerchip Group completed its corporate reorganization in May 2019. Its subsidiary Powerchip Technology transferred three 12-inch wafer fabs and related businesses and assets to Powerchip Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ("Powerchip"). It currently owns two 8-inch and three 12-inch wafer fabs.

力芯半導體製造股份有限公司表示：由於晶圓代工產能供應確實短缺，公司目前已滿載運轉，並且確實有IC設計公司為了爭奪產能而提高訂單價格。為因應客戶對新增產能的強勁需求，本公司決定啟動桐洛12吋晶圓廠建設方案，計畫於2021年第二季動工。此外，力芯投資的中國大陸晶圓代工廠合肥京河也已全面投產。截至2020年7月底，月產能2.5萬片，預計到年底月產能將達3萬片。

資料來源：功率半導體官方網站

無錫工廠持續提升產能，並考慮擴建工廠第二期工程。

Huahong Semiconductor has three 8-inch wafer fabs and three 12-inch wafer production lines. In 2019, its monthly production capacity increased from 174,000 wafers to 201,000 8-inch equivalent wafers, with a capacity utilization rate of 91.2%. Due to the accelerated localization of power semiconductors, market demand in 2020 is better than expected. Huahong Semiconductor's 8-inch production capacity utilization rate has reached 100%, and the 12-inch production capacity utilization rate continues to rise.

At the same time, the Wuxi plant aims to increase its production capacity to 40,000 pieces/month by the end of 2020 or early 2021, and is considering the second phase of expansion of the Wuxi plant. The total production capacity is expected to reach 80,000 pieces/month. The 8-inch plant also has room for expansion of 10,000 to 20,000 pieces/month in the future.

資料來源：ChinaFlashMarket 整理

產能緊張，不排除提高OEM價格的可能性。

DB HiTek是位於韓國的晶圓代工廠，主要利用8吋晶圓廠生產電源管理器和影像感測器。其總部和兩家工廠（Fab1和Fab2）均位於韓國。工廠產能已滿載運轉。 2019年，近100,000萬片8吋晶圓訂單未能交付，這一數字幾乎是2018年未能交付訂單數量的兩倍。預計2020年產能供應仍將緊張，因此東方高科技不排除提高OEM價格的可能性。

Source: Eastern Hi-Tech official website

8吋生產線已滿載運轉，暫時不會漲價。具體情況視情況而定。

Currently, most of China Resources Micro's wafers are 6-inch wafers, and the utilization rate of 8-inch wafers is not high yet. In terms of 12-inch wafers, an agreement was signed with Chongqing in 2018 to build a 12-inch production line in the company's existing factory in Chongqing. The project is progressing as planned and is planned to be launched in 2020.

華潤微電子表示，進入第三季以來，8吋生產線已滿載運轉，整體產能利用率維持在90%以上。目前暫無漲價計劃，公司將繼續密切關注市場及價格走勢。

資料來源：公開數據

Jita Semiconductor focuses on wafer manufacturing of analog circuits and power devices. In 2018, the Shanghai project officially started construction, and it was built into an 8-inch production line with a monthly production capacity of 60,000 pieces and a 12-inch specialty process production line with a monthly capacity of 50,000 pieces. The products focus on industrial control, automobiles, electric power, energy and other fields, and improve the production capacity of power devices (IGBT), power management, sensors and other chips.

In 2020, Jita Semiconductor also formally reached a strategic cooperation with Shengmei Semiconductor Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Both parties will give full play to their respective advantages and join hands in the innovation of semiconductor equipment and related processes.

京和整合是位於安徽的12吋晶圓代工廠。截至2019年底，其月產量已達20,000萬片晶圓。公司計畫在2020年底達到12吋晶圓月產能30,000萬片，2021年底達到40,000萬至45,000萬片。

由賽維電子股份有限公司控股子公司投資興建的「8吋MEMS國際代工生產線建設項目」於2020年9月正式投產，初期產能為1萬片/月。該工程將分階段建設，全面投產後，最終產能將達到3萬片/月，標誌著先進的8吋MEMS晶片生產線正式進入量產階段。

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